Read more: https://www.ergopathics.com/blogs/news/anti-aging-the-role-of-free-radicals-oxidative-stress

Read more: https://www.ergopathics.com/blogs/news/exercise-mitochondrial-metabolism-skin-aging

Adult Stem Cells / Somatic Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells "are undifferentiated cells found living within specific differentiated tissues in our bodies that can renew themselves or generate new cells that can replenish dead or damaged tissue." They are also referred to as somatic stem cells -- "the term “somatic” refers to non-reproductive cells in the body (eggs or sperm)."  https://www.unmc.edu/stemcells/educational-resources/types.html

There are several types of adult stem cells that include: Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Adult stem cell); Mesenchymal Stem Cells/ stroma cells; Neural Stem Cells; Epithelial Stem Cells; Skin Stem Cells; Satellite cells / Myosatellite cells.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Adult stem cell)

blood-forming (or hematopoietic) stem cells in the bone marrow can give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets 

Mesenchymal Stem Cells/ stroma cells (Adult stem cell)

The adult bone marrow has been generally considered to be composed of hematopoietic tissue and the associated supporting stroma. Within the latter compartment, a subset of cells with multipotent differentiation capacity exists, usually referred to as mesenchymal stem cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914415/

Neural Stem Cells (Adult stem cell)

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are present in the human adult brain. Stem cell niche architecture in vivo enables adult NSCs to continuously generate functional neurons in specific brain regions throughout life. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738865/

Epithelial Stem Cells (Adult stem cell)

Most epithelial tissues self-renew throughout adult life due to the presence of multi-potent stem cells and/or unipotent progenitor cells.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408375/

Skin Stem Cells (Adult stem cell)

“The skin's elixir for maintaining tissue homeostasis, regenerating hair, and repairing the epidermis after injury is its stem cells, which reside in the adult hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and epidermis.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18209104/

Satellite cells / Myosatellite Cells (Adult stem cell)

“Myosatellite cells, also known as satellite cells, muscle stem cells or MuSCs, are small multipotent cells with very little cytoplasm found in mature muscle.”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosatellite_cell

Telomeres

“Telomeres are the protective caps on the ends of the strands of DNA called chromosomes, which house our genomes. In young humans, telomeres are about 8,000-10,000 nucleotides long. They shorten with each cell division, however, and when they reach a critical length the cell stops dividing or dies.” https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/01/telomere-extension-turns-back-aging-clock-in-cultured-cells.html

Telomeric DNA

The telomere is a nucleoprotein complex located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. It is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. It is not a linear structure and, for much of the cell cycle, telomeric DNA is maintained in a loop structure, which serves to protect the vulnerable ends of chromosomes.

Telomerase

Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21417995/

Mitochondria

“Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).” https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mitochondria

The term mitochondrion was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Mitochondria Matrix

Mitochondria: Outer Cell Membrane

Mitochondria: Inner Cell Membrane

Mitochondria: Cristae Space

Mitochondrial DNA (Mitogenome)

Mitochondria: Citric Acid Cycle

https://www.ergopathics.com/products/energy-krebs-cycle-glycolysis

Mitochondria: Oxidative Phosphorylation 

“Oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the ATP that higher animals and plants use to support life and is responsible for setting and maintaining metabolic homeostasis.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5709332/

Oxidative Stress

“Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551541/

Free Radicals: Superoxide Radicals

“A free radical can be defined as any molecular species capable of independent existence that contains an unpaired electron in an atomic orbital. The presence of an unpaired electron results in certain common properties that are shared by most radicals. Many radicals are unstable and highly reactive. They can either donate an electron to or accept an electron from other molecules, therefore behaving as oxidants or reductants.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249911/

Also: https://www.ergopathics.com/blogs/news/exercise-mitochondrial-metabolism-skin-aging

Free Radical: Hydrogen Peroxide

Antioxidant Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

Antioxidant Catalase (CAT)

Antioxidant Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)

Environmental Stressors Mix: UV, ionizing radiations, pollutants, xenobiotics

Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249911/

Yamanaka Transcription Factor:  Sox2

In 2012, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize for the discovery that “mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent”.  Yamanaka and his research team discovered “a group of protein transcription factors that play a vital role in the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (cells that have the ability to become any cell in the body), often called iPSCs. They control how DNA is copied for translation into other proteins.” This group of four (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) are called the Yamanaka Transcription Factors.

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/yamanaka/facts/

https://longevity.technology/yamanaka-factors/

Yamanaka Transcription Factor: Oct3/4

Yamanaka Transcription Factor: Klf4

Yamanaka Transcription Factor: c-Myc

Quantity: 30 Vials

Model: CLO

Note: Ergopathics test kits are not intended to diagnose, prevent, treat or cure any disease, disorder or abnormal physical state.  The vials contain ethanol and water and the process used to imprint them with electromagnetic signatures has not been tested or validated by any scientific method and is not approved by any regulatory authority. They are intended for use solely by qualified providers to support wellness and manage stress.